Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 .
The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.
For example, it has long been known that total sleep6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now 8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.
1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any
2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred
3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful
4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded
5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose
6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction
7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with
8. [A] paid attention to[B] caught sight of[C] laid emphasis on [D]cast light on
9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce
10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only
答案解析
1.[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:不定代词的用法。
空格上文提到,睡眠分为浅睡阶段和深睡阶段。因此空格处____ kind of sleep指的就是这两种睡眠。四个备选项中,首先排除[D]项。any 指“任何一个”,如:You can buy sugar at any big store.你可以在任何一家大商店里买到糖。余下的选项中,each指两个或多个中的每一个,例如:Each of them thinks different thoughts.他们中的每一个人都有不同的想法。
either表示两者之一,表示肯定,如:You can park on either side of the street. 在街道的哪边停车都可以。neither表否定含义,表示“两者都不”。如:Neither of us could understand German.我们两个谁也不懂德语。空格所在的分句里出现的关键词at all一般与否定词连用,即 not… at all,意为“一点也不,根本不”,因而这里应填表否定含义的词,[B]正确,意为“人们对两类睡眠都没有完全了解”。
2. [答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:动词词义辨析。
intend意为“想要,打算,企图”,intend to do sth. (=mean to do sth.)意为“打算做某事”,主语一般是有生命的事物。如:I hear they intend to marry. 我听说他们要结婚了。
require意为“需要,要求,命令”,be required to do sth.意为“被要求/必须做某事”,如:All passengers are required to show their tickets.所有乘客都必须出示车票。显然不能说,“浅睡眠阶段被要求做某事”。assume意为“假定,设想”,be assumed to do sth.意为“被假定/认为做某事”,如:He is assumed to be a Belgian.(他被认为是个比利时人。)
infer意为“推论,推断”,但它不用于infer sth. to do结构中,而用于infer sth. from sth.结构中,如:Much of the meaning must be inferred from the context.(大部分含意必须从上下文中推断。)因此,只有assume符合上下文的要求。另外,根据上文可知,人们对睡眠的两个阶段都不十分了解,因此有关浅睡眠的功能的论述只是一种推测,[C]为正确项。
3. [答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:形容词词义辨析。
subtle意为“微妙的,难以捉摸的”,如:He complained that these people were subtle. 他抱怨说这些人难以捉摸。obvious意为“明显的”;mysterious意为“难以解释或无法理解的”;doubtful意为“可疑的,值得怀疑的”,如He is a doubtful character. 他是个可疑的人物。
前文提到人们对两种睡眠阶段都不是很了解时用了well-understood一词,从逻辑语意上可以推出人们对non-REM sleep也不很了解,因此,几个选项中mysterious最合适。
4. [答案] B
空格所在句子是一个长句,主干部分是The new experiments suggest fascinating explanations. such as引导的短语是对experiments的举例说明。these指的是the new experiments,空格处填入的过去分词表示被动含义,相当于一个后置定语从句,即these which are _____ for the first time…,用来修饰these。四个选项中,maintain意为“保持,维持”,与句中的for the first time相矛盾;settle意为“解决”,afford意为“支付得起”,与experiments不搭配。describe意为“描述”,用在文中表示“(会议上)描述的一些新实验”,符合文意。
5. [答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:短语语意辨析。
四个选项都可与介词of连用。in the
light of (= in light of/according to)意为“按照,根据,考虑到”,如:He rewrote the book in the light of further research.(他根据进一步的研究重写了那部书。)
by virtue of意为“依靠,由于”,如:She got the job by virtue of her greater experience.(她由于经验较为丰富而得到了那份工作。)with the exception of(= except)意为“除了……之外”,如:All his novels are set in Italy with the exception of his last.(他的小说除最后一部外全是以意大利为背景。)显然,这三个含义代入文中都不符合文意。
for the purpose of可以看作是一个固定短语,意为“为了……的目的”,如:The three groups have been combined for the purpose of this study.(为了这项研究工作,三个小组业已合并。)但本文中却不是把它作为一个固定短语使用,而且分成了两个部分,explanations常与for搭配,表示“解释……的原因”, the purpose of non-REM sleep在上文中出现过,表示“深睡眠的作用”,正确答案是[D]。
6. [答案] C
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:名词词义辨析。
for example一词提示空格所在部分是衔接上文,解释深睡眠的作用的举例。reduction意为“减少”;deprivation意为“剥夺”;restriction意为“限制”。destruction意为“破坏,毁灭”,通常指具体事物,如:The fire caused the destruction of my books.这场大火使我的藏书被毁坏。“对老鼠产生致命影响”的应是“睡眠的剥夺”,所以[C]符合题意。
7. [答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:介词的用法。
upon+名词/动名词=when引导的从句,其中upon相当于when/directly after,表示“当……时……”。如:Upon entering the room(=When I entered the room), I found him lying on the floor.用在文中表示“当检查死亡老鼠的尸体时”,因此[A]为正确答案。
through意为“凭借,用……的方法”; by意为“凭借,靠,通过”,主要表示方法、手段;with意为“用,使用;以”。本文如果使用这些介词,首先需要在名词examination前加上定冠词the;其次其逻辑主语就是句子的主语the animals,这样含义就成了“动物通过检查动物尸体”,不符合逻辑。
8. [答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点:短语语意辨析。
pay attention to 意为“注意”,如:pay attention to state affairs关心国大事;catch sight of (=see)意义“看到,发现”,如:She caught sight of a car in the distance.她一眼瞥见了远处的汽车;lay emphasis on (=emphasize)意为“重视”,如:He laid a strong emphasis on the study of foreign languages.他把重点放在学习外训上;
cast/throw/shed light on意为“使(问题等)较容易理解”,如:Recent research has shed new light on the causes of the disease.最近的研究结果可以使人进一步了解导致这种疾病的原因。根据句意,应选[D],表示“一位研究人员使人们进一步了解动物死亡的奥秘”。
9. [答案] A
develop意为“(逐渐)显现出,(开始)患(病)”,如:She developed measles. 她得了麻疹。produce意为“制造,产生”,如:Hard work often produces good results.努力工作经常会有好结果。stimulate意为“促进,刺激”,如:Exercise stimulates the flow of blood.体操促进血液流动。induce意为“引诱,诱使”。如:Too much food induces sleepiness.吃得过饱会产生睡意。本题的关键词bacterial infections of blood (血液细菌感染)是一种病,根据习惯搭配,应该用develop。
10. [答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是:逻辑关系。
本句是一个复合句。主句The rats develop bacterial infections of the blood用的是一般现在时,根据时态一致的原则,从句也应该用现在时。但在本题中,从句用的是过去完成时。很显然,主从句的时态不一致。时态不一致一般是由两个原因引起的:一,时间状语,如:I’m doing my homework, while I was watching TV this time yesterday.二,虚拟语气的使用,如:If I were you, I would go there. 如果我是你,我就去那儿。此题并没有涉及时间状语因此导致时态不一致的原因是虚拟语气的使用。
If意为“如果”,跟虚拟语气时,主句应相应地使用虚似语气,如:The conference wouldn’t been so successful, if we hadn’t made adequate preparations.如果我们不做充分的准备,会议是不会开得这么成功的。
as if 意为“好像”,可以接虚拟语气,如:He behaved as if nothing had happened.(他表现得若无其事。)
only if 意为“只有”,接条件从句,一般引起主句的倒装现象,如:Only if the red light comes on is there any danger to employees.只有红灯闪亮时才有危及职工的险情。
if only意为“要是……就好了”,接虚拟语气,一般用来引导感叹句,如:If only she had known where to find you.
由于文中只有从句使用了虚拟语气,因此应选[B],意为“似乎它们的免疫系统已经崩溃”。